
RJ Millena, PhD


My Work
My research involves the genomics, host associations, and ecology of the order Strepsiptera. These insects are a bizarre group—they infect several major insect groups, grow up inside the bodies of their hosts, and eventually protrude from their hosts' abdomens like something straight from Alien (less violent though, they don't kill their hosts outright). Very little is known about these insects due to how difficult they can be to collect.
Even so, entomologists have been collecting these parasites for years, many of them without realizing it. A number of strepsipterans have unwittingly been preserved within their hosts in museum collections! During my dissertation, I searched the more than 24 million preserved invertebrates housed in the AMNH (along with specimens from other institutions) for previously-untapped resources of archival genetic material and ecological data to inform questions about strepsipteran evolution. My dissertation focused on three components of this subject: genomic elements, phylogenetics, and morphology. As a postdoc with the UoR Trop Bio Lab, I am involved in actively developing novel methods in these fields to optimize strepsipteran research.
Publications
Millena RJA, Lähteenaro M, Riegler M, Kathirithamby J. (2025). Strepsiptera systematics: Past, present, and future. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 9(4):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaf024
Millena RJA, Eichert A, Ware JL. (2024). Collection methods and distribution modeling for Strepsiptera in the United States. Environmental Entomology, 53(4):740–750. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae042
Millena RJA, Rosenheim JA. (2022). A double-edged sword: parental care increases risk of offspring infection by a maternally vectored parasite. Biology Letters, 18:20220007. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0007
Herhold HW, Davis SR, Millena RJA, Eichert A, Markee A, Grimaldi DA. (Submitted). Convergent evolution of inflated alimentary canal in non-feeding adult insects.









